In the photo below the pink arrow indicates the  terminal effects of a 115 grain, full metal jacket,  9mm  round from a Browning Hi-power.   It left the barest of indentations in the 1/4″ plate, before turning itself into a splash of lead.  Range was the same 53 yards as used with the ballista shots.

Now of course,  a 9 mm is only a measly pistol round,  but this disparity in penetration between a 2,000 year old technology and that of a modern cartridge,  one that is generally considered not to be a perfect slouch in the penetration dept.,  does give some perspective on what the Romans were able to achieve with their ancient handiwork.   Not exactly stone knives and bearskins.

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